Toqtai’s successor, Özbeg Khan, mended relations with the Geneose, which allowed Caffa to become a thriving city once again by the 1340s. Relations between the Italians and the Golden Horde remained tense until Toqta’s death in 1312. He arrested the Italian residents of Sarai (the Mongol capital), and besieged Caffa, which the Genoese resisted for a year, but in 1308 set fire to their city and abandoned it. The khan of the Golden Horde, Toqta, was piqued at the Italian trade in Turkic slaves who were sold as soldiers to the Mamluk Sultanate. Relations between the Geneose and the Mongol Golden Horde were strained. Background Ĭaffa was established by Geneose traders in 1266 by a purchase agreement with the Khan of the Golden Horde.
On the basis of Gabriel de Mussis' writings, the Black Death is widely believed to have reached Europe from the Crimea as the result of the biological warfare attacks during the siege. The Mongol army threw the bodies of Mongol warriors who had died of plague over the walls of the besieged city, which is considered as one of the earliest examples of biological warfare. The siege of Caffa was a siege of the Genoese port town of Caffa by a large Crimean Tatar army under the Golden Horde, led by their Khan Jani Beg. Jani Beg ( as the Khan of the Golden Horde) Giovanni I di Murta ( as the 2nd Doge of the Republic of Genoa)(1345-47) Simone Boccanegra( as the 1st Doge of the Republic of Genoa)(1345)
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